Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
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TYTUŁ: Możliwości rozpoznania wybranych cech skał węglanowych na podstawie obrazu tomografii komputerowej (CT) oraz skanera mikroopornościowego (XRMI) / Representation of the selected features of carbonate rocks based on the computed tomography (CT) image and the borehole micro-imager (XRMI)
Autorzy: Andrzej Urbaniec, Katarzyna Drabik, Marek Dohnalik, Urszula Zagórska, Sylwia Kowalska
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| ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-32-4 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.225 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract Carbonate rocks are a specific group of rocks, very difficult to interpret due to a high variability of a number of parameters, such as: lithology, mineral composition, biogenic structure content, porosity, permeability, and others. The method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be very helpful in the analysis of various carbonate rocks features because of it enables density diversification determination of a rock medium. This methodology has a high potential to obtain better resolution with respect to certain features, macroscopically invisible in the core (e.g. due to a homogeneous colour or the effect of recrystallization). The measurements result in obtaining a spatial image of the core in the greyscale. Light colours correspond to the core fragments with a high X-ray absorption, and the dark ones to the areas of low absorption. The amount of X-ray radiation absorption is primarily affected by the density of the rock medium, as well as the atomic number of the elements included in the individual minerals. 72 sections of drill cores, approx. 1m long each, were selected for tomographic examinations to obtain results as reliable as possible. The selected core material represents carbonate formations of various ages (from Devonian to Cretaceous), originating from the boreholes situated in the Carpathian Foreland and Carpathian basement areas. The interpretation of tomographic examinations was connected with a detailed sedimentological analysis of all core sections, allowing to carry out direct comparisons, as to which of the studied features and to what extent were disclosed in the CT images, and also whether this image can supplement or make the prepared descriptions more detailed. The presented information has a qualitative nature, i.e. referring mainly to descriptive features of the analyzed carbonate rocks. Another aim of this work was to compare and refine the interpretation of the borehole micro-imager, obtained as a result of measurements by Halliburton’s XRMI™ electrical scanner, based on its comparison with the tomographic image of the analyzed core intervals. Chapter 2 describes the general characteristic of the X-ray computed tomography method measurement, as well as the specificity of the measuring equipment. Chapter 3 includes the theoretical framework of the measurement principles, image processing and application of X-tended Range Micro Imager (XRMI™) (the wireline borehole imaging tool). Chapter 4 presents detailed sedimentological and lithofacial characterization based on the analysis of macroscopic features of the selected core intervals. Chapter 5 includes the analysis of selected structural and textural features of carbonate rocks in the tomographic imaging. The following features were analyzed: nodular structures, texture of biolithites, oncolithic textures, carbonate breccias and conglomerates, various types of stratification found in carbonate rocks, stylolites, dolomitization effects. Chapter 6 contains the analysis of the biogenic structures, most often found in carbonate rocks, based on their tomographic image. As part of this issue, a number of fossil record forms were studied. They are characteristic of the following groups of organisms: siliceous and calcareous sponges, amphiporas, colonial and individual corals, serpulids (tube-dwelling polychaetes), gastropods, bivalves (including characteristic groups such as inoceramids, boring and nestling bivalves, as well as thick-walled Trichites shells), brachiopods, crinoids and echinoids. In addition, attention was paid to the presence of bioturbations. Chapter 7 presents the possibilities of X-ray computed tomography imaging of various types of porosity, cavernosity and fractures. The open fractures, calcite and anhydrite-filled fractures, as well as fractures filled with clay minerals were analyzed. Chapter 8 includes the correlation possibilities of the carbonate rock cores tomographic images with the high-resolution XRMI™ images on the example of four selected core intervals. The method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be very helpful in the analysis of various carbonate rocks features, such as structural and textural features, as well as biogenic structures. The discussed technique, as a non-invasive method, renders a possibility to reflect the CT image in various directions, without the necessity of mechanical interference in the rock material, resulting in the core destruction. Application of the X-ray computed tomography before dividing the core into archive and so-called ‘working’ parts can be very useful for the core documentation and archiving. The tomographic examination, carried out at the appropriate time, allows to preserve a complete image of the core. X-ray computed tomography data can also be used for various analyses and interpretations, including geophysical logs reinterpretation and borehole imaging. The structural and textural features, best reflected in the tomographic record, included: the nodular structures, different types of stratification, the marly or clay-marly interlayers, the dolomitic breccia with agmatitic texture, the coral biolithites which had not changed much as a result of diagenetic processes, the stylolitic seams, as well as the effects of selective dolomitization processes. Among the examined biogenic structures, the following were best represented in the tomographic records: colonial corals, amphiporas and echinoid spines. Siliceous sponges and shells of molluscs were also relatively well reflected. The analysis of various examples of biogenic structures preserved in carbonate rocks clearly indicated the very important role, of both the original mineral component building skeletal elements, as well as diagenetic processes having a direct impact on the state of preservation of these elements. Porosity and fracturing are the best represented features of carbonate rocks in the CT image. Open fractures as well as fractures filled with anhydrite or with clay-marly material are generally well reflected in the CT image. Fractures filled with calcite are variously recognizable, depending on the mineral composition of the rock background. The tomographic imaging of the cores may also be very important in the interpretation of geophysical logs. The usefulness of the CT method is particularly important for wells with preserved core material, in which no complete set of borehole geophysics has been done. Continuous profiles of some parameters (such as density or porosity) along the studied core intervals can be calculated from the tomographic image. |
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Cena egzemplarza: 60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
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TYTUŁ: Poprawa wczesnej wytrzymałości mechanicznej płaszcza cementowego z zaczynów lekkich / Improvement of the early mechanical strength of the cement coat with lightweight slurries
Autor: Marcin Kremieniewski
Recenzenci:
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| ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-35-5 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.227 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract The effectiveness of sealing the borehole is mainly dependent on properly carried out cementing and a properly designed cement slurry recipe. This is particularly important in the case of slurries intended for sealing columns of casing pipes mounted in areas of low reservoir pressure or in absorbent zones. Cement technology hasn’t changed much in recent years, but the increasing demand for borehole seal quality has forced the introduction of continuous innovations in cement slurry recipes. This is visible in the case of slurries with reduced density, the use of which reduces the value of hydrostatic pressure during cementation, so that cement slurry can escape into absorbent zones. However, the development of this type of cement slurry is problematic due to the need to obtain the required compressive strength after a short setting time. In the initial hydration period, the cement sheath has low mechanical parameters and acquires adequate strength only at a later setting time. Currently, there is a trend to shorten the waiting time for geophysical measurements after cement slurry crowding and setting, which is primarily dictated by economic considerations (shortening the waiting time for subsequent drilling stages). Too early cement bond logging may result in not obtaining a reliable picture of the cement state of the borehole. In addition, the cement sheath resulting from lightweight cement slurry may undergo micro-destruction during the implementation of further works after cementing, the result of which may be the occurrence of micro-flows of gaseous media through the cement sheath.
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
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TYTUŁ: Kinetyka reakcji cieczy kwasujących ze skałą dolomitową / Reaction kinetics of acidizing liquids with dolomite rock
Autor: Marek Czupski
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| ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-36-2 DOI: 10.18668/PN2020.228 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract One of the main factors affecting the effectiveness of matrix acidizing treatment and acid fracturing is the reaction rate of acidizing fluid with carbonate rock. Often, treatments performed using acidizing liquids based on HCl solutions fail due to their very fast reaction with carbonates at high reservoir temperatures. The acidizing liquid does not penetrate deeply into the formation so as to create wormholes, but only dissolves its face, which results in poor treatment effectiveness. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
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TYTUŁ: Osady w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych / Deposits in internal combustion engines
Autorzy: Zbigniew Stępień, Wojciech Krasodomski, Michał Wojtasik. Praca pod redakcją Zbigniewa Stępnia
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| ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-37-9 DOI: 10.18668/PN2020.229 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract The undesirable deposits forming on the surfaces of various internal parts of reciprocating internal combustion engines and the systems operating in conjunction with them worsen during the operation of the engines and threaten their proper functioning. The deposits form as a normal result of the processes of fuel injection and creating and combusting the fuel–air mixture in engines. It was not investigated until the beginning of the 21st century, when extensive multi-directional research began not only to identify the causes of these deposits, the mechanisms behind their formation, and the factors leading to deposit growth, but also to determine the chemical composition of various groups of deposits. Such research became necessary because engines must comply with gradually tightening regulations on environmental protection, necessitating the introduction of increasingly complex engine designs and strategies for controlling the processes of precise and divided fuel injection into the combustion chambers and advanced algorithms for controlling the combustion processes according to the combustion system and the purpose of the engine. However, it became apparent that the co-functioning of the increasingly complex engine technologies and solutions, particularly of fuel injection systems, may be significantly disturbed by the deposits forming inside them. More and more complicated engine designs with tighter and tighter tolerances of the working parts necessitate the multi-directional testing of harmful deposits. An increasing number of factors affecting deposit formation are being identified, which leads to the development of increasingly complex classifications and subdivisions of deposits according to their type, composition, and form. At the same time, the search for lower emissions and greater engine efficiency is driving further mechanical changes in engines and vehicles. The higher temperatures and pressures connected with these changes are likely to impact the fuel being handled within the fuel and combustion systems. Such effects will inevitably cause the deposit chemistry and morphology to change. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
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